![]() ![]() Evolutionary adaptation may include modifications of inherent molecular systems. Even though potentials recorded from the cochlea and auditory nerve are similar for most mammals, different species have developed arrangements to optimally process sound most relevant for their survival ( Theunissen and Elie, 2014). It remains unclear how speech is coded in the auditory nerve, but it has been studied in animal models ( Kiang, 1980, Khanna and Teich, 1989). Gene mutations (FOXP2) have been associated with abnormal development of neural structures important for human speech and language ( Lai et al., 2001), and the locus on chromosome 16 has been associated with specific language impairment ( Newbury et al., 2005), a more or less central deficiency in perception of speech ( Bishop et al., 2007). They are not readily restored centrally once distorted by tumor compression or deficient conversion at the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapse. The established signals are vulnerable, and their conservation is essential for proper decrypting. In all cases, the human auditory nerve relays intricate speech-coded information to the brain that depends on an unbroken signal acuity to the central nervous system (CNS). Its components, such as morphology, phonetics, and semantics, may have been shaped by several environmental factors ( Wiener, 1984). How this cladistics took place is fiercely discussed among linguistic anthropologists. This involves particular anatomy, complex neural circuits in the brain, and a perceptual apparatus that deciphers “multifaceted” air-borne signals ( Hockett et al., 1964). Humans have developed sophisticated abilities to produce and perceive oral speech. Introduction Human Speech-Reception and Spike Generation These instruments may be essential for the filtering of complex sounds and may be challenged by various pathological conditions. Additional spike generators and transcellular communication may boost, sharpen, and synchronize afferent signals by cell clusters at different frequency bands. The first NRs appear at different places. Nodes of Ranvier (NR) expressed Nav1.6 proteins, and encoding genes critical for inter-cellular coupling were disclosed.ĭiscussion: Our results suggest that initial spike generators are located beneath the IHCs in humans. Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) were expressed in the spiral ganglion (SG) and axonal initial segments (AISs). Hemi-nodal proteins were identified beneath the inner hair cells (IHCs). Results: Transport proteins and RNA transcripts were localized at the subcellular level. Cochlear neurons were processed for electron microscopy, confocal microscopy (CM), SR-SIM, and high-sensitive in situ hybridization for labeling single mRNA transcripts to detect ion channel and transporter proteins associated with nerve signal initiation and conductance. Material and Methods: Human tissue was collected during trans-cochlear procedures to remove petro-clival meningioma after ethical permission. Our aim was to gain information about the molecular instruments in human auditory nerve processing and deviations, and ways to perform electric modeling of prosthetic devices. ![]() We collected human inner ear material for nanoscale visualization combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM), and RNA-scope analysis for the first time. ![]() Such information is difficult to determine due to the vulnerable, “esoteric,” and encapsulated human ear surrounded by the hardest bone in the body. It is also uncertain whether human nerve signaling involves exclusive proteins and gene manifestations compared with that of other species. How speech is coded and influenced by various conditions is not known. 7Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canadaīackground: The human auditory nerve contains 30,000 nerve fibers (NFs) that relay complex speech information to the brain with spectacular acuity.6Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical Biophysics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada.5Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.4Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland.3Department of Olaryngology, Västerviks Hospital, Västervik, Sweden.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.1Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.Wei Liu 1 Maria Luque 2 Hao Li 1 Anneliese Schrott-Fischer 2 Rudolf Glueckert 2 Sven Tylstedt 3 Gunesh Rajan 4,5 Hanif Ladak 6 Sumit Agrawal 7 Helge Rask-Andersen 1 * ![]()
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